Moray and the rebellious lords were routed and fled into exile; the decisive military action becoming known as the Chaseabout Raid. After seven months, when the city's inhabitants had been reduced to eating weeds and heather, the city surrendered (July 11, 1573). War Documentary hosted by Samuel West and published by BBC in 2005 - English narration [] Cover[] InformationIt was the bloodiest war in history, yet Hitler's brutal invasion of the Soviet Union and Stalin's subsequent fight back is surprisingly little known in the West. [1] Others emphasise the fact that cross-religious alliances existed, such as the Lutheran duke Maurice of Saxony assisting the Catholic emperor Charles V in the first Schmalkaldic War in 1547 in order to become the Saxon elector instead of John Frederick, his Lutheran cousin, while the Catholic king Henry II of France supported the Lutheran cause in the Second Schmalkaldic War in 1552 to secure French bases in modern-day Lorraine. She therefore supported religious toleration in the shape of the Edict of Saint-Germain (January 1562), which allowed the Huguenots to worship publicly outside of towns and privately inside of them. The reformation continued to be imposed on an often unwilling population with the aid of stern laws that made it treason, punishable by death, to oppose the King's actions with respect to religion. Denmark's cause was aided by France, which, together with England, had agreed to help subsidize the war. Rate. The war between Hitler'’s Germany and Soviet Russia was fought on a scale unprecedented in human history. France, although always ruled by a Catholic monarch, had played a major part in supporting the Protestants in Germany and the Netherlands against their dynastic rivals, the Habsburgs. Military intervention by external powers such as Denmark and Sweden on the Protestant side increased the duration of the war and the extent of its devastation. One morning, 1,500 were seized in their sleep and sent to jail. In the pattern of Calvinist riots in France and the Netherlands, the mob then attacked two friaries in the town, looting their gold and silver and smashing images. In 1625, as part of the Thirty Years' War, Christian IV, who was also the Duke of Holstein, agreed to help the Lutheran rulers of neighbouring Lower Saxony against the forces of the Holy Roman Empire by intervening militarily. What would drive him to make the most catastrophic mistake of World War II? In 1567, Mary was captured by another rebellious force at the Battle of Carberry Hill and imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle, where she was forced to abdicate the Scottish throne in favour of her one-year-old son James. The following year, the attacks extended to over 20 cities and towns, and would, in turn, incite Catholic urban groups to massacres and riots in Sens, Cahors, Carcassonne, Tours and other cities. This was Alva's downfall. The major impact of the Thirty Years' War, in which mercenary armies were extensively used, was the devastation of entire regions scavenged bare by the foraging armies. Monck took Stirling on 14 August and Dundee on 1 September. 5 Oct. 1999 High Hopes. The wars listed were the most severe in casualties; the remaining religious conflicts in Europe lasted for only a few years, a year, or less and/or were much less violent. [7][dubious – discuss][clarification needed], Series of wars waged in Europe from ca. [35] and it would be a puppet state until 1814, when Frederick VI renounced his claims to the Crown of Norway in favor of the King of Sweden as part of the Treaty of Kiel. It was a catastrophic mistake. The council soon became their battleground. The Elector of Saxony, the Landgrave of Hesse, and other North German princes not only protected Luther from retaliation from the edict of outlawry issued by the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, but also used state power to enforce the establishment of Lutheran worship in their lands, in what is called the Magisterial Reformation. These figures include the deaths of civilians from diseases, famine, etc., as well as deaths of soldiers in battle and possible massacres and genocide. And it wasn't just the soldiers who suffered. The Duke of Guise had been highly popular in France, and the league declared open war against King Henry. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. The Yorkists were related to female relatives of Edward III's second and fourth sons, whereas the Lancastrians were connected to Edward through his third son. War of the Century: When Hitler Fought Stalin, is a BBC documentary film series that examines Adolf Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 and the no-holds-barred war on both sides. Simultaneously Parliament offered concessions to the Scots in return for their aid and assistance. In 1521, Luther was excommunicated, sealing the schism within Western Christendom between the Roman Catholic Church and the Lutherans and opening the door for other Protestants to resist the power of the papacy. However, lacking a fleet, he was unable to take the Danish capital on the island of Zealand. Only the two Spanish members had the power to vote, with Alva personally retaining the right of final decision on any case that interested him. They were financially supported by France and the money was poured into ships since Spain's control of the seas had been broken by England. The Battle of Towton during the Wars of the Roses was one of the deadliest battles ever fought in England. Maurice of Nassau, William's son, had studied mathematics and applied the latest techniques in science to ballistics and siege warfare. Some members of the League fought on, but enough Catholics were won over by the King's conversion to increasingly isolate the diehards. Fiery Calvinist preacher John Knox returned to Scotland in 1560, having been exiled for his part in the assassination of Cardinal Beaton. Rate. Since the Lancastrians had occupied the throne from 1399, the Yorkists might never have pressed a claim but for the near anarchy prevailing in the mid-15th century. Rate. Competing claims to the throne and the beginning of civil war, https://www.britannica.com/event/Wars-of-the-Roses, Wars of the Roses - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Wars of the Roses - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The Toggenburg War in 1712 was a conflict between Catholic and Protestant cantons. The M-A-I-N acronym is often used to analyse the war – militarism, alliances, imperialism and nationalism. In December 1560, Francis II died, and Catherine de' Medici became regent for her young son Charles IX. Lawlessness was rife and taxation burdensome. Part five of a 12-part documentary series produced by the American Broadcasting Company and anchored by Peter Jennings. The most accurate description of the twentieth century is "The War and Welfare Century." On 20 May the Scottish Parliament sentenced him to death and had him hanged the next day. In the latter stages of the war, Catholic France, fearful of an increase in Habsburg power, also intervened on the Protestant side. Starting as a revolt against feudal oppression, the peasants' uprising became a war against all constituted authorities, and an attempt to establish by force an ideal Christian commonwealth. The Catholic League's presses and supporters continued to spread stories about atrocities committed against Catholic priests and the laity in Protestant England (see Forty Martyrs of England and Wales). An incident at Rotterdam involving the rescue of several heretics from burning at the stake made Philip introduce the Spanish form of the Inquisition. He enforced a 5% perpetual tax on every transfer of realty and a 10% perpetual tax on every sale. His army crushed the weak defenses of Zutphen and put nearly every man in town to death, hanging some by the feet while drowning 500 others. This paper attempts an examination of the 19th century civil wars in Yoruba land, focusing on some selected north-eastern Yoruba towns. For the final stage of the revolution, Maitland appealed to Scottish patriotism to fight French domination. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Netherlands, or Low Countries, were engaged in a seemingly futile struggle for independence against the most dominant power of the times, Spain. Napoleon had tried it and failed. A mob poured into the church and it was entirely gutted. Catholicism was forcibly suppressed. Philip gave full power to Alva in 1567. Tensions remained essentially unresolved. [28], While Alva rested, he sent his son Don Fadrique to revenge the Beggar's atrocities. Wars since 1900. Between 1450 and 1460 Richard, 3rd duke of York, had become the head of a great baronial league, of which the foremost members were his kinsmen, the Nevilles, the Mowbrays, and the Bourchiers. Meanwhile, the solidly Catholic people of Paris, under the influence of the Committee of Sixteen, were becoming dissatisfied with Henry III and his failure to defeat the Calvinists. The fragile compromise came to an end in 1584, when the King's youngest brother and heir presumptive, François, Duke of Anjou, died. It stated that: Religious tensions remained strong throughout the second half of the 16th century. [3] Scholars have pointed out that some European wars of this period were not caused by disputes occasioned by the Reformation, such as the Italian Wars (1494–1559, only involving Catholics)[note 1] and the Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570, only involving Lutherans). It was a catastrophic mistake. Germany lost population and territory, and was henceforth further divided into hundreds of largely impotent semi-independent states. One of the most emotionally powerful of all World War II documentaries. Competing claims to the throne and the beginning of civil war. In the mid-15th century great magnates with private armies dominated the English countryside. Illustration depicting the Battle of Bosworth Field, with King Richard III on the white horse. Lawlessness was rife and taxation burdensome. England, Scotland and Ireland, in personal union under the Stuart king, James I & VI, continued Elizabeth I's policy of providing military support to European Protestants in the Netherlands and France. Most of the 1,600 surviving defenders were put to death and 400 leading citizens were executed. That arrangement, which probably did not accord with Henry V’s last wishes, was not maintained without difficulty. What followed was a series of mutual confiscation of property as England and Spain played international cat-and-mouse. [1][2] Fought after the Protestant Reformation began in 1517, the wars disrupted the religious and political order in the Catholic countries of Europe. It begins with the story of Operation Barbarossa, and Germany's subsequent war against the Soviet Union. The staggering royal debt and Charles IX's desire to seek a peaceful solution[34][full citation needed] led to the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (8 August 1570), which once more allowed some concessions to the Huguenots. Charles V spoke the language; Philip II did not. The first large-scale wave of violence was engendered by the more radical wing of the Reformation movement, whose adherents wished to extend the wholesale reform of the Church into a similarly wholesale reform of society in general. This led to the Fourth and Fifth Civil wars in 1572 and 1573–1576. This provoked the First War. It has also been called the "Poor Barons' Rebellion". Beginning as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, it gradually developed into a general war involving much of Europe, for reasons not necessarily related to religion. Despite this defeat, many Scottish Highland clans remained either Catholic or Episcopalian in sympathy. Christian III established Lutheranism by force in Norway in 1537, Faroe Islands in 1540, and Iceland in 1550. One account reveals an incident where an Anabaptist was hacked to death with seven blows of a rusty sword in the presence of his wife, who died at the horror of the sight. There were short trials held, often on the spot, for 40 or 50 at a time. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. His father, Alva, threatened to disown him if he stopped the siege, so the barbarities intensified. The Mexican-American War was a conflict between the United States and Mexico, fought from April 1846 to February 1848.Won by the Americans and damned by its contemporary critics as expansionist, it resulted in the U.S. gaining more than 500,000 square miles (1,300,000 square km) of Mexican territory extending westward from the Rio Grande to the Pacific Ocean. Henry I, Duke of Guise, formed the Catholic League to protect the Catholic cause in France. Two new forces emerged to oppose Spain. In 1524, King Christian II converted to Lutheranism and encouraged Lutheran preachers to enter Denmark despite the opposition of the Danish diet of 1524. The soldiers ate, drank, then killed every person in the town. [2] Whether these should be included in the European wars of religion depends on how one defines a 'war of religion', and whether these wars can be considered 'European' (i.e. ] [ clarification needed ], while Alva rested, he sent his son II. Businessmen liked the role of the English throne War ended with the Catholic cantons response. Among others, were put to death and 400 leading citizens had the duty to overthrow an `` ungodly ruler. Wars of the Treaty of Münster was signed by aggrieved presbyterian lords commoners! Ever fought in England Catholic Church in 1593 and was henceforth further divided into of... 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