Cross-sectional multicenter population-based study from Western and Southern Norway. The primary efficacy parameter was change in apathy at 12 weeks defined by the 14-item Apathy Scale (AS). Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES) An 18-item instrument used for evaluation of apathy. A cutoff of ≥14 is used to define the presence of apathy. Higher scores were indicated more symptoms of apathy. The AS8is a 14-item self-report instrument that provides an acceptable and relatively quick screen for apathy. NLM Apathy subscale from FrSBe 5. Fifty-eight patients with PD were evaluated with the UPDRS, the 14-item Apathy Scale (AS), and standardized rating scales of depression and cognitive impairment. Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov, Get the latest research information from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus, Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/. Epub 2019 Sep 25. Both the total score and factor scores of SAS showed fair discriminant validity. Item 3 (insight or self-reflection) showed a negative item-total correlation, and removing this item raised the Cronbach's α of the second factor to 0.70, but did not substantially alter the other results. However, it yields only a global score and thus provides little information about profiles of apathy, or the relative contributions of apathy subcomponents to overall severity. 2012 Jan;27(1):79-83. doi: 10.1002/mds.23939. The Apathy Evaluation Scale was developed by Robert S. Marin, M.D. Both the total score and factor scores of SAS showed fair discriminant validity. The correlation between these two factors was low (Spearman's r = 0.19, N = 194, p = 0.008), indicating clinically distinct dimensions, but both factor scores were strongly related to the total SAS score (Spearman's r > 0.6, N = 194, p < 0.0005). Masala C, Loy F, Piras R, Liscia A, Fadda L, Moat A, Solla P, Defazio G. Brain Sci. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is a Subjects are instructed to choose an answer from 0 to 3: 0=not at all, 1 = slightly, 2 = some, 3 = a lot, to questions related to apathy. The SAS showed fair internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.69) and exploratory factor analysis identified two factors: the first factor (24.2% of the variance) represented cognitive-behavioral aspects of apathy (items 1, 2, and 4–8; Cronbach's α = 0.74) and the second factor (15.0% of the variance) a general apathy dimension (items 3 and 9–14; Cronbach's α = 0.52). For the present study, the apathy scale was used to generate diagnoses by means of a specific diagnostic scheme (available from the authors). Although the 14-item Starkstein Apathy Scale (SAS) is recommended to screen for and measure the severity of apathetic symptoms in Parkinson disease (PD), the psychometric attributes of this scale have not yet been fully evaluated. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e31823038f2. Scores range from 0 to 42, with higher scores indicative of more severe apathy level. The authors have no disclosures to report. Key Descriptions. The AS is a 14-item self-report scale that measures spontaneity, initiation, emotionality, activity level, and interest in hobbies. ety and apathy using standardized self-report measures. None of the patients in our study had received ECT in the past. In the present study, Cronbach’s alpha was 0.77. Lopez FV, Eglit GML, Schiehser DM, Pirogovsky-Turk E, Litvan I, Lessig S, Filoteo JV. 2019 Mar 28;2019:1965394. doi: 10.1155/2019/1965394. Apathy Scale (AS) 3.  |  Cognition was assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). Effect of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction and Motor Symptoms on Body Weight in Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Epub 2011 Sep 13. Item 4 from UPDRS • 14!item!scale,!modified’fromMarin ’ • Are!you!interested!in!learning!new!things?! Santangelo G, Barone P, Cuoco S, Raimo S, Pezzella D, Picillo M, Erro R, Moccia M, Pellecchia MT, Amboni M, Santangelo F, Grossi D, Trojano L, Vitale C. J Neurol. The range would be 0 to 42, the higher the score the worse the apathy. The GDS-3A has been reported to have a sensitivity of 69% and a specificity of 85% in detecting apathy based on the customary cut off (>13) of the 14-item apathy scale of Starkstein et al. Gallagher DA, Goetz CG, Stebbins G, Lees AJ, Schrag A. Mov Disord. For computation of the GDS apathy-3 subscale, one missing item was allowed and was subsequently imputed with the mean of the remaining two items (n = 73 of 2355, 3.1%). Lille Apathy Rating Scale (LARS) 4. eCollection 2019. : The authors examined the reliability, factor structure, and discriminant validity of the SAS in 194 nondemented patients with early untreated PD. 2019 May 24;19(1):101. doi: 10.1186/s12883-019-1329-z. Noncognitive changes in behavior, however, are often more disruptive to adaptive functioning. Apathy was diagnosed using specific items of the AS together with proposed criteria for apathy. Although the SAS showed fairly good psychometric properties and the exploratory factor analysis suggested a two-factor solution, the results with this PD sample indicate that item 3 is ambiguous and should be considered removed from the scale. Wetmore JB, Arbelo JM, Catalán MJ, Valldeoriola F, Rodriguez-Blazquez C, Martinez-Martin P. Parkinsons Dis. We used the recommended cut-off of 414 [6]. Recent research on the 14- item Apathy Scale (AS; Starkstein, Mayberg, Preziosi, Andrezejewski, Leiguarda, & Robinson, 1992), a modified version of Marin’s AES, specifically explored the dimensions of apathy in PD (Kay, Kirsch- Darrow, Zahodne, Okun, & Bowers, 2012). NIH Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Epub 2014 Sep 17. Sex-related differences in olfactory function and evaluation of possible confounding factors among patients with Parkinson's disease. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. J Psychosom Res. The authors are grateful to all patients for their willingness to participate in this study. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Validation of the MDS-UPDRS Part I for nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. [19-21]. We also thank all personnel who contributed to planning and conducting this study. The primary efficacy parameter was change in apathy at 12 weeks defined by the 14-item Apathy Scale (AS). Barriers and facilitators to diagnosing and managing apathy in Parkinson's disease: a qualitative study. As expected, patients with a clinical diagnosis of apathy had significantly higher Apathy Scale scores, whereas patients with a clinical diagnosis of depression had significantly higher HAM-D scores. Measurements: The interviewers’ ratings represented a clinical judgment based on information provided by the patient and a family member. Another promising metric for apathy in patients with dementia is the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES), which uses 18 specific items to quantify apathy with a score range from 18 to 72 and has been The Starkstein scale is … 2011 Jan;70(1):73-97. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.01.012. Compared with the 14-item apathy scale , the GDS apathy-3 subscale has a sensitivity of 69% and a specificity of 85% . Apathy was assessed using the modified 14-item Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES) [11, 72]. Sample items include, 2019 Apr 30;6(5):379-386. doi: 10.1002/mdc3.12767. RESULTS: Of 2514 patients screened, only 377 (15%) were eligible for the study after the first screening, 233 declined further participation, and 144 were assessed for apathy at 8-36 weeks post stroke to confirm eligibility. Each item is rated on a scale from 1 to 4: 1 = behavior is not present 2 = behavior is present to slight degree 3 = behavior is present to moderate degree 4 = behavior is present to an extreme degree. Conclusions: Apathy is a debilitating but poorly understood disorder characterized by a reduction in motivation. Whilst many tools have been developed to assess levels of apathy in clinical disorders, surprisingly there are no measures of apathy suitable for healthy people. Total ARS scores range from 0 to 42 points, with scores of 16 points or more considered indicative of apathy. Patients with apathy had slightly lower MMSE scores than those without apathy. The modified Apathy Scale is an interviewer-rated, 14-item scale that has been shown to be reliable and valid in the stroke population.2 Scores range from 0 to 42 with higher scores indicating greater severity. The AES, which uses 18 specific items to quantify apathy within a scoring range of 18 to 72, is an especially promising metric for apathy in AD. On the basis of Marin’s apathy scale , we designed a 14-item apathy scale that can be used with patients and caregivers (3–5). [Factorial analysis and internal consistency of the French version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS 20), in obese women]. Awareness Questionnaire (AQ) An … Mov Disord Clin Pract. Background: Objective: Van der Mast et al 11 reported a sensitivity of 69% and a specificity of 85% for this subscale compared with the 14-item Apathy Scale of Starkstein et al 17 in participants 85 years or older. We conducted an online survey to validate the J‐DAS against the Apathy Scale (AS‐14), 8 which is a 14‐item traditional ‘one‐dimensional’ apathy scale, and Beck's Depression Inventory II (BDI‐II), 9 a 21‐item questionnaire for assessing depression. Lille Apathy Rating Scale (LARS) [ Time Frame: Baseline (Visit 1) ] 33 queries belonging to nine domains, each corresponding to a clinical manifestation of apathy. Item 3 (insight or self-reflection) showed a negative item-total correlation, and removing this item raised the Cronbach's α of the second factor to 0.70, but did not substantially alter the other results. Cognitive deficits due to damage or disease affecting frontal lobe systems are well known to clinical neuroscientists. Cognition was assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). Clinical assessments of apathy and potential causative conditions, repeated in the diabetic sample after 16.7 ± 2.5 months. eCollection 2019 Jun. Depressive symptoms were measured with the 12 remaining items of the GDS-15 (GDS-12D) [ 21 ]. For example, Eslinger and Damasio1described a patient who sustained a severe inferior frontal lesion. Results Of 2514 patients screened, only 377 (15%) were eligible for the study after the first screening, 233 declined further participation, and 144 were assessed for apathy at 8-36 weeks post stroke to confirm eligibility. Scales designed to more thoroughly assess apathy with multiple items include the 14-item Apathy Scale [ 18 ], the Apathy Inventory [ 31 ], and the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES). Clarke DE, Ko JY, Kuhl EA, van Reekum R, Salvador R, Marin RS. Informant rated symptoms from the 14-item Apathy Scale were used to generate apathy diagnoses based on standardised criteria. 2020 Jan;267(1):57-63. doi: 10.1007/s00415-019-09551-2. A review of the psychometric evidence. Scales designed to assess apathy alone using multiple items include the 14-item Apathy Scale (29) and the Apathy Inventory (45). Each answer is scored from 0 (not at all) to 3 (a lot), with a higher summary score meaning more apathy. Cognition was assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). : Although the SAS showed fairly good psychometric properties and the exploratory factor analysis suggested a two-factor solution, the results with this PD sample indicate that item 3 is ambiguous and should be considered removed from the scale. : Standardized rating scales for parkinsonism and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Informant rated symptoms from the 14-item Apathy Scale were used to generate apathy diagnoses based on standardized criteria. Development and validation studies are described in RS Marin, RC Biedrzycki, S Firinciogullari: “Reliability and Validity of the Apathy Evaluation Scale,” Psychiatry Research, 38:143-162, 1991 14-item apathy scale that can be used with patients and caregiv- ers (3–5). Informant rated symptoms from the 14-item Apathy Scale were used to generate apathy diagnoses based on standardized criteria. Background: : Although the 14-item Starkstein Apathy Scale (SAS) is recommended to screen for and measure the severity of apathetic symptoms in Parkinson disease (PD), the psychometric attributes of this scale have not yet been fully evaluated. : Cross-sectional multicenter population-based study from Western and Southern Norway. Psychometric Properties of the Apathy Scale in Advanced Parkinson's Disease. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. USA.gov. 18 items; 18-72 (higher scores reflect more apathy) Items are scored on 4-point Likert scale with descriptors for the “self” version (not at all true, slightly true, somewhat true, very true) and those for the clinician and informant version (not at all characteristic, slightly characteristic, somewhat characteristic, very characteristic). (6) Apathy was assessed using the Apathy Scale (AS) [6] (14 item self-report measure rated 0–4 with a maximum score of 56). in older adults [ 19 ]. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Potential confounders selected for the current analyses were demographic variables (i.e., age, sex, and education), hospital admission The Marin Apathy Inventory (Apathy Evaluation Scale) is a 14-item inventory measuring apathy of the subject over the past 2 to 4 weeks. Results: The Norwegian ParkWest study was funded by the Western Norway Regional Health Authority (grant # 911218) and the Research Council of Norway (grant # 177966). Are the available apathy measures reliable and valid? There are a host of standardized measures of frontal cognitive changes, such as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Stroop Test. Item 7 from Brief Neuropsychiatric Inventory 6. As well as being associated with several brain disorders, apathy is also prevalent in varying degrees in healthy people. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Background Although the 14-item Starkstein Apathy Scale (SAS) is recommended to screen for and measure the severity of apathetic symptoms in Parkinson disease (PD), the psychometric attributes of this scale have not yet been fully evaluated. with the 14-item Apathy Scale,41 the GDS-3A has a mean sensitivity of 0.69 and specificity of 0.85 among older adults (≥85 years).40 Confounders. ARTICLE IN PRESS Table 1 Clinical and demographic characterstics, Parkinson’s disease patients Mean (SD) Range Solla P, Masala C, Liscia A, Piras R, Ercoli T, Fadda L, Hummel T, Haenher A, Defazio G. J Neurol. Apathy Scale (AS) [ Time Frame: Baseline (Visit 1) ] 14-item self-report questionnaire assessing symptoms of apathy over the previous 2-4 weeks. The patient performed quite normally on cognitive testing but … We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Because both apathy and PSD can result in reduced physical function and ADL abilities, we used the 14-item Apathy Rating Scale (ARS) to evaluate levels of apathy within 1 week from the day the patients were able to leave their beds. Agitated Behavior Scale (ABS) A 14-item instrument used for serial assessment of agitation by clinician raters.  |  HHS Copyright © 2012 American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 2020 Apr 7;10(4):218. doi: 10.3390/brainsci10040218. The Apathy scale is a self-administered 14-item scale for assessing apathy (23). To quantify apathy, we used the Japanese version of the Apathy Scale (AS) by Starkstein et al. COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. the diabetic sample after 16.7±2.5 months.Informant rated symptoms from the 14-item Apathy Scale were used to generate apathy diagnoses based on standardised criteria. 14-item instrument; Minimum score is 14; maximum score is 56. Apathy in untreated, de novo patients with Parkinson's disease: validation study of Apathy Evaluation Scale. For the present study, the apathy scale was used to gen- erate diagnoses by means of a specific diagnostic scheme (avail- Informant rated symptoms from the 14-item Apathy Scale were used to generate apathy diagnoses based on standardized criteria. Other scales include Starkstein's 14-item scale, the Irritability-Apathy Scale, the Cambridge Behavioral Inventory (CBI), and the Lille Apathy Rating Scale (LARS). Answers were scored against four grades (0-3), and the total score was used for the analysis. Can be self-rated or rated by a clinician or significant other. 2014 Dec;261(12):2319-28. doi: 10.1007/s00415-014-7498-1. Factor Analysis of the Apathy Scale in Parkinson's Disease. : Although the 14-item Starkstein Apathy Scale (SAS) is recommended to screen for and measure the severity of apathetic symptoms in Parkinson disease (PD), the psychometric attributes of this scale have not yet been fully evaluated.  |  Mele B, Goodarzi Z, Hanson HM, Holroyd-Leduc J. BMC Neurol. : The SAS showed fair internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.69) and exploratory factor analysis identified two factors: the first factor (24.2% of the variance) represented cognitive-behavioral aspects of apathy (items 1, 2, and 4-8; Cronbach's α = 0.74) and the second factor (15.0% of the variance) a general apathy dimension (items 3 and 9-14; Cronbach's α = 0.52). Items are rated on a 0-to-3 Likert scale. 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